fig1

Figure 1. Design and adhesion mechanism of the ice-activated hydrogel suction cups. (A) Schematic illustration of tongue–ice adhesion; (B) Mechanistic schematic of the time-dependent evolution of adhesion at the tongue–ice interface; (C) Hydrogel suction cups fabricated via vat photopolymerization 3D printing; (D) Schematic illustration of ice-activated hydrogel suction cup devices; (E) Illustrations showing the adhesion mechanism of the ice-activated hydrogel suction cups. UV: Ultraviolet.