fig2

Figure 2. High-density taxel arrays for high-resolution tactile sensing implemented in passive-matrix and active-matrix architectures. (A) A passive-matrix flexible pressure sensor array with serpentine interconnects, enabling high spatial resolution and suppressed crosstalk. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[58], Copyright © 2022 Wiley; (B) A high-density strain sensing array based on self-assembled and patterned SCNs for detailed strain field mapping. Reproduced from Ref.^[59] under the CC BY 4.0 license, Copyright © 2024 The Author(s); (C) Large-scale integrated flexible pressure sensor array with CNT TFT active matrix, achieving enhanced spatial resolution and minimizing crosstalk. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[66], Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society; (D) 3D active-matrix multimodal sensor array with vertically stacked TFT-based pressure and temperature sensors, which enable independent spatial mapping of pressure and temperature. Reproduced from Ref.^[67] under the CC BY-NC license, Copyright © 2025 The American Association for the Advancement of Science. SCNs: Spiky carbon nanospheres; CNT: carbon nanotube; TFT: thin-film transistor; PRF: piezoresistive film; ILD: interlayer dielectric; PI: polyimide.