fig5

Figure 5. (A) Continuous wet-spinning apparatus of GOFFs. Reproduced with permission^[78], Copyright © 2024 Elsevier; (B) Actuation stress curves of graphene/LCE composite filaments characterized across increasing applied strain for various diameters. Reproduced with permission^[42], Copyright © 2024 John Wiley and Sons; (C) A close-up snapshot of 100-hole spinneret; (D) 100-filament GO fibers in the plasticization bath; (E) Collection of GOFFs onto the graphite collector. (C-E) are reprinted with permission from Ref.^[78], Copyright © 2024 Elsevier; The POM images and surface and cross SEM images of the three typical phases, including random isotropic phase (F), concentric roll (G), and spiral coil (H). (F-H) are reprinted with permission from Ref.^[52], Copyright © 2024 Springer Nature; (I) Schematic of the process to assemble GO sheets into a macroscopic fiber with belt-type morphology with highly oriented and ordered stacking structure by selective edge linkage. Reproduced with permission^[63], Copyright © 2024 Springer Nature; (J) Density and orientation degree of rGOFFs with different SRs. Reproduced with permission^[78], Copyright © 2024 Elsevier; (K) Overall properties of the fabricated GFs, including thermal and electrical conductivities, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus. Reproduced with permission^[52], Copyright © 2024 Springer Nature; (L) Current signal response under different pressure loads; (M) Response and recovery time. (L and M) are reprinted with permission from Ref.^[56], Copyright © 2026 Elsevier. GOFFs: Graphene oxide fiber filaments; LCE: liquid crystal elastomer; GO: graphene oxide; POM: polarizing optical microscope; SEM: scanning electron microscope; rGOFFs: reduced graphene oxide fiber filaments; SRs: stretching ratios; LC: liquid crystalline; RI: random isotropic; CR: concentric roll; SC: spiral coil.