fig3

Figure 3. (A) AFM image of f-GO nanosheets. Reproduced with permission^[50], Copyright © 2022 John Wiley and Sons; (B) Schematic illustration of the traditional disordered crystalline-amorphous structure (left) and the naturally occurring crystalline-amorphous superstructure (right); (C) SEM image of a GAZP fiber viewed along the axial section and schematic diagrams showing the evolution of microstructure of the fiber with the stretching process. (B and C) are reprinted with permission from Ref.^[61], Copyright © 2022 Elsevier; (D) POM snapshots showing different tensile fracture behaviors of GOFs with and without the addition of Ca²⁺ in a 50% EtOH plastic-stretching bath, highlighting the simultaneously improved plastic deformation and load-bearing capacity by CMP; (E) Tensile curves. (D and E) are reprinted with permission from Ref.^[51], Copyright © 2025 Elsevier; (F) Tensile strength and modulus of the PBIA; Dynamic modulus of PBIA fibers under (G) different loading frequencies and (H) different strain rates; Loading-unloading cyclic curves of (I) 0.075-HrGO/PBIA fibers. (F-I) are reprinted with permission from Ref.^[62], Copyright © 2022 John Wiley and Sons; (J) 50-filament GOFs with yellow color collected on a reel; (K) The multiscale structures of high-quality GFs. As a comparison, all the multiscale defects have been suppressed by full scale defect engineering approach. These GFs have smooth surface with regular aligned wrinkles up to macroscopic scale, homogenous and compact sections without voids (SEM), and highly crystalline laminates of high-quality graphene sheets (HR-TEM). Scale bars from left to right are 2 μm, 500 nm, 100 nm, and 2 nm, respectively. (J and K) are reprinted with permission from Ref.^[17], Copyright © 2016 John Wiley and Sons. AFM: Atomic force microscopy; GO: graphene oxide; SEM: scanning electron microscope; GAZP: GO@amorphous-ZrO₂-polyvinyl alcohol; POM: polarizing optical microscope; GOFs: graphene oxide fibers; CMP: crosslink-modulated plasticity; PBIA: poly(p-phenylene-benzimidazole-tetraphthalamide); HrGO: holey reduced graphene oxide; GFs: graphene fibers; HR-TEM: high-resolution transmission electron microscopy; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol; EDA: ethylenediamine; rGO: reduced graphene oxide.