fig1
Figure 1. Regulatory network of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. The interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibits TCR signaling, thereby suppressing T cell activation. Expression of this axis is modulated through diverse mechanisms, ranging from genomic alterations to targeted protein degradation. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies can relieve T cell suppression and promote tumor cell eradication. PD-1: Programmed death-1; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; TCR: T cell receptor; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; DHHC3: palmitoyltransferase DHHC3; Ub: Ubiquitin; β-TrCP: beta-transducin repeat containing protein; SPOP: speckle-type POZ protein; STUB1: STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1; HRD1: HMG-CoA reductase degradation protein 1; CSN5: COP9 signalosome 5; CMTM: CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; DNMT: DNA methyltransferase; Me: methylation; IFNγR: interferon gamma receptor; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription; CDK5: cyclin dependent kinase 5; IRF: interferon regulatory factor; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; RAS: rat sarcoma virus oncogene homolog; RAF: RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase; MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; BRD4: bromodomain containing 4; MYC: MYC proto-oncogene; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; AP-1: activator protein 1; SHP-2: SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2; Zap-70: zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70; PKCθ: protein kinase C theta; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; NFAT: nuclear factor of activated T cells; IL-2: interleukin-2; SATB1: special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1; T-bet: T-box transcription factor 21; LSD1: lysine specific demethylase 1; Blimp-1: B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1; FoxO1: forkhead box O1; CTCF: CCCTC-binding factor; AhR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; NFATc1: nuclear factor of activated T cells 1; TOX: thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein; FUT8: fucosyltransferase 8; FBXO38: F-box protein 38.
