fig3

Figure 3. The multidimensional regulatory network of ncRNAs in cancer immunotherapies. →: Solid arrows indicate positive regulation, activation, or promotion of downstream biological processes. ⊣: Blunt-ended lines represent inhibitory effects or negative regulation. --→: Dashed arrows indicate indirect regulation or putative mechanisms that are supported by existing evidence but not fully elucidated. ↔: Bidirectional arrows denote reciprocal interactions or feedback regulation. Color-coded elements are used to distinguish tumor cells, immune cells, ncRNAs, and therapeutic modalities, as indicated in each panel. Created in BioRender. Zhang, D. (2026) https://BioRender.com/xymx1kl. ncRNAs: Non-coding RNAs; CAR-T: chimeric antigen receptor T cell; miRNA: microRNA; mRNA: messenger RNA; IL-12: interleukin-12; DC: dendritic cell; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1; RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex; siRNA: small interfering RNA; TIL: tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte; TAM: tumor-associated macrophage.