fig2

Figure 2. ncRNAs in CTLA-4-related pathways. →: Solid arrows indicate positive regulation, activation, or promotion of downstream biological processes. ⊣: Blunt-ended lines represent inhibitory effects or negative regulation. --→: Dashed arrows indicate indirect regulation or putative mechanisms that are supported by existing evidence but not fully elucidated. ↔: Bidirectional arrows denote reciprocal interactions or feedback regulation. Color-coded elements are used to distinguish tumor cells, immune cells, ncRNAs, and therapeutic modalities, as indicated in each panel. Created in BioRender. Zhang, D. (2026) https://BioRender.com/ain6mb0. ncRNAs: Non-coding RNAs; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4; FOXP3: forkhead box P3; Treg: regulatory T cell; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1; TCR: T cell receptor; DC: dendritic cell.