fig1

Figure 1. ncRNAs in PD-1/PD-L1-related pathways. →: Solid arrows indicate positive regulation, activation, or promotion of downstream biological processes. ⊣: Blunt-ended lines represent inhibitory effects or negative regulation. --→: Dashed arrows indicate indirect regulation or putative mechanisms that are supported by existing evidence but not fully elucidated. ↔: Bidirectional arrows denote reciprocal interactions or feedback regulation. Color-coded elements are used to distinguish tumor cells, immune cells, ncRNAs, and therapeutic modalities, as indicated in each panel. Created in BioRender. Zhang, D. (2026) https://BioRender.com/qpgfbzl. ncRNA: Non-coding RNA; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; lncRNA: long non-coding RNA; HITT: hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor at translation level; RGS2: regulator of G protein signaling 2; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; mRNA: messenger RNA; 3′ UTR: 3′ untranslated region; CMTM6: CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6.