fig1

Figure 1. Architecture of a biocompatible integrated bladder electronics device for wireless real-time monitoring. (A) The mechanism of human urination; (B) Signal acquisition using chitosan-acetic acid electrodes; (C) A cutaway view (top) and longitudinal section (bottom) of the system hardware circuit board(8 cm × 8 cm); (D) The packaging of the electronics and the connection to the patch electrodes; (E) Photograph of adult females wearing the fully integrated electronics, and the device’s overall housing dimensions are specified as 16 cm × 8 cm. ADH: Antidiuretic hormone; MCU: microcontroller unit; SPU: signal processing unit; BLE: bluetooth.