fig7

Figure 7. Recent advances in active layers pattern design with direct printing methods. (A) PEDOT/PPy and PEDOT/PProDOT-Me₂ in an authentic pattern showing reduced and oxidized states, and PEDOT/PProDOT-Me₂ with butterfly pattern with top half reduced state and lower half oxidized state. Reproduced with permission^[99]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH; (B) Flexible ECD with patterns based on the inkjet-printed WO₃-PEDOT:PSS film on Ag grid-PET substrate. Reproduced with permission^[103]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier; (C) A multicolor flexible ECD based on the patterned film fabricating by different ratios of Fe/Ru-MEPE solution as a series of inkjet inks. Reproduced with permission^[22]. Copyright 2015, ACS Publications; (D) ECD presents quantities of display information with the inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS pixels and Au electrode. Reproduced with permission^[79]. Copyright 2020, RSC Publications; (E) Flexible photochromic and ECD based on the inkjet-printed film using water-based additive-free chromic inks. Reproduced with permission^[63]. Copyright 2023, ACS Publications; (F) The fabrication process of patterned WO₃ film using electrostatic force-assisted dispensing printing methods and assembled as the voltage-tunable dual-image ECD. Reproduced with permission^[109]. Copyright 2020, ACS Publications. PEDOT: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene); PPy: polypyrrole; PProDOT-Me₂: poly(dimethylpropylene-dioxythiophene); ECD: electrochromic display; PEDOT:PSS: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate; PET: polyethylene terephthalate; MEPE: metallo-supramolecular polymers.