fig8

Figure 8. Biointegrated artificial afferent nerve and proprioception. (A) Schematic diagram illustrating the body’s stimulus recognition process; (B) Schematic diagram of an OECT-based artificial afferent nerve integrated with a CNT-based pressure sensor and an organic ring oscillator; (C) Changes in postsynaptic current as a function of the intensity of applied pressure; (D) Schematic diagram of the artificial sensorimotor system; (E) Correlation between pressure and twitching angle measured in four rats; (F and G) The SNEN-based artificial proprioception. (F) The concept of artificial proprioception to recover voluntary motor function of a mouse through the use of SNEN (right). (G) Presynaptic gate voltage spikes and output drain current (EPSC) with frequencies from 1 to 11 Hz; (H) Comparison of EPSCs without proprioceptive feedback (black) and with proprioceptive feedback (red). (A, D, E) Reproduced with permission Copyright 2023, Science^[104]. (B and C) Reproduced with permission Copyright 2018, Science^[108]. (F-H) Reproduced with permission Copyright 2022, Nature Biomedical Engineering^[111]. OECT: Organic electrochemical transistor; CNT: carbon nanotube; SNEN: stretchable neuromorphic efferent nerve; EPSC: excitatory postsynaptic current.