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Figure 1. Overview of microbiome alterations associated with osteomyelitis. Alterations in the skin, oral, gut, and bone microbiomes have been associated with osteomyelitis across genetic-prediction, clinical, and experimental studies. Genetic-prediction studies have identified skin- and gut microbiota-associated taxa linked to osteomyelitis susceptibility. Clinical studies have reported microbial profiles or alterations in the oral, gut, and bone microbiomes in different forms of osteomyelitis, whereas experimental studies have demonstrated gut microbiome alterations in animal models. These microbiome alterations are associated with osteomyelitis-related features, including biofilm formation, chronic inflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and impaired bone repair. Representative microbial taxa and their directions of association or alteration are shown. Created with BioRender. CBO: Chronic bacterial osteomyelitis; CNO: chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis; OM: osteomyelitis; DFO: diabetic foot osteomyelitis; COMJ: chronic osteomyelitis of the jaw. Created in BioRender.