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From: The skin microbiome in aging from ecological dysbiosis to molecular therapeutics

Figure 2. Mechanistic links between microbial dysbiosis and geriatric dermatoses. In senile atopic dermatitis, S. aureus virulence factors induce epithelial alarmins and drive chronic itch-scratch cycles. In chronic wounds, multispecies biofilms create a proteolytic and hypoxic environment that impairs tissue repair. In cutaneous malignancies, dysbiosis is associated with a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment characterized by inflammatory signaling and loss of protective anti-proliferative metabolites. S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus; P. aeruginosa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; C. acnes: Cutibacterium acnes; S. epidermidis: Staphylococcus epidermidis; Th2: T helper 2; 6-HAP: 6-N-hydroxyaminopurine; ICI: immune checkpoint inhibitor; I3A: indole-3-aldehyde. Created in BioRender. Yu, L. (2026) https://BioRender.com/tixmi0o.