fig5

Figure 5. The regulation of signaling pathways by microorganisms within tumors. Intratumoral microorganisms regulate tumor progression and immune responses through multiple host signaling pathways, including IL-6/JAK/STAT3, β-catenin/Wnt, cGAS-STING, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and TLR/MyD88/NF-κB pathways. IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-10: interleukin-10; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; FadA: Fusobacterium adhesin A; cGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; STING: stimulator of interferon genes; SOCS: suppressor of cytokine signaling; A20: tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt: protein kinase B; mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; TLR: Toll-like receptor; MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3; MMP7: matrix metalloproteinase 7; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; CCL20: C-C motif chemokine ligand 20; IFN-I: type I interferon; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1.