fig5

Figure 5. Spatial heterogeneity analysis of Ti-3Cu AM and Ti-11.5Cu AM microstructures. (A and B) Backscattered electron SEM images with overlaid corresponding local standard deviation (σ) maps calculated using a 15 × 15 pixel moving window, highlighting spatial variations in greyscale intensity. (C) Greyscale intensity distributions. (D) Quantitative heterogeneity metrics, including standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CV), and entropy.