fig9

Figure 9. Fire-retardant polymer membrane. (A) Schematic illustration of EVB membrane fabrication. (B) Optical images from thermal shrinkage tests of EVB, PBS, and PP membranes. (C) SEM images (surface and cross-section) of EVB before and after thermal shutdown. Reproduced with permission^[117]. (D) Polymerization of DEAP and TMPETA monomers via ultraviolet (UV) curing. (E) Free radicals produced at different sites of the DEAP functional group and possible quenching products. (F) Illustration of thermal runaway mitigation by the TPF membrane when battery temperature exceeds 90 °C. P-containing radicals generated from TPF pyrolysis quench exothermic reactions, enhancing battery safety. (G) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profiles of PE and TPF membranes. (H) Timeline of thermal incidents in 1.8 Ah graphite||NCM811 pouch cells with different membranes. Reproduced with permission^[118].