fig7

Figure 7. Extraction of the connected pore structures from four single-particle catalysts and the construction of corresponding PNM: (A1-D1) These images reveal the connected pore structures within the catalyst particles, with the distribution and characteristics of the pores clearly observable. (A2-D2) The corresponding PNM simplifies the pore structures into a network representation, making the pore features of both solid and hollow particles more pronounced. PNM: Pore Network Model.