fig4

Figure 4. Funnel plots for publication bias assessment. (A) Operative time (Egger’s test P = 0.23); (B) Complications (Egger’s test P = 0.31); (C) Skill assessment accuracy (Egger’s test P = 0.19); (D) Learning curve (Egger’s test P = 0.42). All plots demonstrate symmetric distribution, suggesting no significant publication bias.