fig3

Figure 3. Effect modification by demographic characteristics and disease history in associations between total BCAA and cardiometabolic biomarkers. Bubbles denote significant interactions (FDR < 0.05). Bubble colors indicate whether the modifying factor amplifies (orange) or attenuates (gray) the main association between total BCAA and cardiometabolic biomarkers. For categorical modifiers, the reference groups are ≤ 60 for age, female for sex, other for ethnicity, normal for BMI, and the absence of disease for all clinical conditions. BCAA: Branched-chain amino acid; ApoA1: apolipoprotein A1; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; BMI: body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FDR: false discovery rate; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MASLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.