fig12

Figure 12. (A) Free energy diagram vs. SHE at different potentials on Ru-NS-Ti₃C₂O₂. (B) The binding energy of CO₂, COOH, and CO as a function of surface charge density (σ) for Ru-NS-Ti₃C₂O₂^[171]. (C) FEs of CO₂RR products at different potentials. (D) Difference in limiting potentials for CO₂R and HER on CuSiO_x and Cu (111), and reaction free energy difference between *CO protonation and C-C coupling steps on CuSiO_x and Cu (111) surfaces. (E) CuSiO_x reacts at a potential of -1.6 V vs. RHE for 12 h^[172].