fig6

Figure 6. Metabolic fingerprints of L. plantarum, L. plantarum^BILE, LpEVs, and LpEVs^BILE obtained via FTIR spectroscopy. FTIR spectral profiles of L. plantarum, L. plantarum^BILE, LpEVs, and LpEVs^BILE were recorded and analyzed. Representative spectra for the parent bacteria (A) and EVs (B) are shown, with specific regions indicated: FA, fatty acids; P, proteins; PS, polysaccharides. HCA was performed on preprocessed and vector-normalized spectra using the Ward algorithm at repro level 30, based on spectral regions corresponding to fatty acids (C), proteins (D), and polysaccharides (E). Data represent three biological replicates; each measured in triplicate (technical replicates). L. plantarum: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum; LpEVs: L. plantarum EVs; FTIR: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; EVs: extracellular vesicles; HCA: hierarchical cluster analysis.