fig4

Figure 4. Engineering strategies for exosomes. Exosomes are first isolated from the culture supernatant via ultracentrifugation. To enhance their therapeutic potential, exosomes are subsequently loaded with specific cargo using either passive or active loading strategies. The engineered exosomes are then administered into murine or human vascular systems for therapeutic purposes. Once in circulation, these exosomes are capable of targeting specific cell populations such as T cells, tumor cells, or TAMs, thereby exerting targeted therapeutic effects. TAMs: Tumor-associated macrophages.