fig4

Figure 4. PIP3 mediates SUMO anchoring and the subsequent ubiquitination of ESCRT-0. ARRDC1 regulates the production of microvesicles by binding to TSG101 and facilitating ubiquitination of ALIX. The release mechanisms of exomeres and supermeres remain unknown. Created in BioRender. Ju, J. (2025) https://BioRender.com/vxlt8r5. PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; SUMO: small ubiquitin-related modifier; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complex required for transport; ALIX: ALG2-interacting protein X; ARRDC1: arrestin domain-containing protein 1; Rac1: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1; CDC42: cell division control protein 42 homolog.