fig7

Figure 7. (A) Schematic diagram of the protection mechanism of HMS@LiNO₃ particles; (B) XPS analysis of SEI layers on Li metal surfaces by adopted CSN separator; (A and B) are reprinted with permission from Ref^[220] , Copyright © 2025 Elsevier; (C) Schematic diagram of transport and desolvation processes of Li⁺ within COF channels; (D) Schematic diagram of transport and desolvation processes of Li⁺; (C and D) are reprinted with permission from Ref^[226], Copyright © 2025 American Chemical Society; (E) Structural diagram of the COF-Cl; (F) Ionic conductivity and Li⁺ transference number plot; (G and H) F 1s and Li 1s of Li anode after 20 cycles in Li//Li symmetric cells with different separators; (I) Area ratio of various components in the Li 1s spectra of different separators; (E-I) are reprinted with permission from Ref^[20], Copyright © 2025 Wiley. HMS: Hollow mesoporous silica; EC: ethylene carbonate; FEC: fluoroethylene Carbonate; DMC: dimethyl carbonate; SEI: solid electrolyte interphase; COF: covalent organic framework; CSN: commercial polyolefin separator.