fig3

Figure 3. (A) Cu-MOF@HB separator featuring abundant Cu²⁺ sites to promote Li⁺ desolvation; (A) are reprinted with permission from Ref^[111], Copyright © 2025 Wiley; (B) Simulated ion flux within the separator featuring different pore architectures; (B) are reprinted with permission from Ref^[83], Copyright © 2024 Wiley; (C) Radiation-induced grafting of C=O and C-O functional groups onto polypropylene separators; (C) are reprinted with permission from Ref^[182], Copyright © 2021 Springer Nature; (D) Volume expansion of the silicon anode leads to collapse of the separator structure, resulting in battery failure; (D) are reprinted with permission from Ref^[189], Copyright © 2024 Springer Nature. Cu-MOF@HB: a copper-based metal-organic framework functionalized hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose; NF: nylon fber; PE: polyethylene.