fig6

Figure 6. Representative applications of PENGs in cardiac neuromodulation. (A) Self-powered cardiac pacemaker enabled by a flexible single-crystalline PMN-PT piezoelectric energy harvester attached to the beating heart, adapted with permission from Ref.^[151]. Copyright © 2014 Wiley-VCH. (B) Fully automated wireless vagus nerve stimulation (FAW-VNS) system incorporating electrocardiogram (ECG) sensing, closed-loop control, and a 13.56-MHz wirelessly powered implant, Adapted from Ref.^[154] under CC BY 4.0 license. (C) Magneto-responsive piezoelectric CoFee₂Oe₄-PVDF system for on-demand electrical modulation of the infarcted myocardium, adapted from Ref.^[155] under CC BY 4.0 license. (D) Schematic illustration of ultrasound-driven paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neuromodulation using a KNN-based ferroelectric heterojunction for myocardial infarction treatment, with left stellate ganglion (LSG) neural activity recording, adapted from Ref.^[156] under CC BY 4.0 license.