fig3

Figure 3. Representative applications of PENGs in nerve injury repair. (A) Ultrasound-driven aligned piezoelectric nanofibers nerve guidance conduit (APNF-NGC) for peripheral nerve regeneration, comparative analysis of the autograft group and the NGC group in an 8-mm sciatic nerve defect model, showing comparable outcomes, adapted from Ref.^[38] under CC BY 4.0 license. (B) Biodegradable PCL-β-glycine piezoelectric nerve guidance conduit activated by low-frequency mechanical vibration for peripheral nerve regeneration, adapted with permission from Ref.^[121]. Copyright © 2026 Wiley-VCH. (C) Structural characterization of the bamboo-inspired hollow bilayer conduit and its synergistic oriented architecture for piezoelectric acceleration of peripheral nerve and muscle regeneration, adapted with permission from Ref.^[118]. Copyright © 2026 Wiley-VCH. (D) Schematic of the conductive-piezoelectric integrated microstructured nerve conduit (rGO/GelMA@PVGA), where piezoelectric stimulation combined with structural guidance promotes nerve and target muscle regeneration, adapted from Ref.^[123] under CC BY 4.0 license.