fig13

Figure 13. (A) Charge-density diagram of In₂O₃/SnO₂@rGO-2, showing interfacial charge redistribution betweenIn₂O₃ and SnO₂. (B) TEM image of In₂O₃/SnO₂@rGO-2. (C) Gibbs free-energy profile for CO₂-to-HCOOH conversion over SnO₂@rGO and In₂O₃/SnO₂@rGO-2. (A-C) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[211]. Copyright © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (D) Structure of the Bi₂O₂CO₃ (161) surface with Li_4c and Li_3c doping sites and the optimized adsorption structure. (E) HRTEM image of BOC-Li revealing lattice distortions and dislocations. (F) Free-energy diagrams for HCOOH formation via the *OCHO mechanism. Purple, Bi; red, O; white, H; grey, C; light blue, Li. These color notations are used throughout the paper. (D-F) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[212]. Copyright © 2026 Springer Nature (G) XRD pattern of CuS. (H) HR-TEM image of CuS after catalysis at -0.6 V vs. RHE with 85% iR correction. (i, current; R, solution resistance) (I) Proposed carbon dioxide reduction reaction mechanism over copper-based electrocatalysts for multiple reduction products and selective reduction to formate. (G-I) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[210]. Copyright © 2025 Springer Nature. (J) Schematic illustration of CO₂ conversion on Cu₁In₉₉ catalysts. (K) HAADF-STEM image of the as-prepared Cu₁In₉₉ catalyst. The inset shows the line profile for HAADF intensity analysis of the blue dashed region. (L) Partial current densities of HCOO^- over Cu₉₉In₁, Cu₉₅In₅, Cu₉₂In₈, Cu₁In₉₉, and In catalysts. (M) Comparison of Gibbs free-energy profiles for electrochemical CO₂ reduction to HCOOH on In and alloy CuIn under standard hydrogen electrode conditions. Orange, Cu; brown, In; grey, C; white, H; red, O. (J-M) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[270]. Copyright © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.