fig3

Figure 3. (A) J-V characteristic curves of devices; (B) PCE distributions of 20 sub-cells collected from independent fabrication experiments and used for the statistical analysis in Table 1; (C) Comparison of reported PCEs for PIW-PSCs^[9,15,16,31]; (D) Stabilized power output of the control, PU-L, and PUS-L devices under continuous AM 1.5G illumination at fixed bias voltages corresponding to their maximum-power-point voltages determined from the J-V curves (0.8, 0.9, and 0.9 V, respectively); (E) EQE spectra and corresponding integrated current densities of representative devices; (F) J-V curves of the PUS-L device measured in the forward and reverse scan directions. PIW-PSCs: Planar inverted water-based perovskite solar cells; EQE: external quantum efficiency; HI: hysteresis index; PCE: power conversion efficiency; PU-L: sample prepared using a Pb(NO₃)₂ precursor containing 0.3 mg/mL urea; PUS-L: the corresponding sample after additional heat treatment at 150 °C for 20 min.