fig3

Figure 3. In-depth XPS analysis of O 1s, S 2p, and C 1s on the Zn anode after 20 cycles in (A) pristine and (B) ARS-containing ZnSO₄; (C) The current-time curves of Zn//Zn cells and (D) the potential-time curves of Ti//Zn cells in pristine and additive-containing ZnSO₄ electrolytes; (E) The corresponding SEM results; The influences of (F) pristine and (G) ARS-containing ZnSO₄ electrolytes on the Zn electrode surface. XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; ARS: alizarin red S; SBS: sodium benzenesulfonate; SEI: solid electrolyte interphase; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; PHS: sodium p-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.