fig2

Figure 2. (A) The adsorption energies of horizontally oriented H₂O, ARS, PHS, and SBS on Zn (002); (B) OCP curves and (C) EDL capacitance measured in pristine and additive-containing ZnSO₄ electrolytes; (D) LUMO - HOMO energy band gap and frontier molecular orbital distributions of H₂O, ARS, PHS, and SBS molecules; (E) LSV and (F) Tafel polarization responses obtained under different electrolyte conditions; (G-K) HRTEM observations of cycled Zn from ARS-containing electrolyte and (L) corresponding EDX elemental maps. ARS: Alizarin red S; SBS: sodium benzenesulfonate; LUMO: lowest unoccupied molecular orbital; HOMO: highest occupied molecular orbital; OCP: open-circuit potential; EDL: electric double-layer; LSV: linear scan voltammetry; HRTEM: high-resolution transmission electron microscopy; EDX: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; HAADF: high-angle annular dark-field; PHS: sodium p-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.