fig4

Figure 4. (A) Novel Heterogeneous Catalysts for CO₂ Hydrogenation to Liquid Fuels. (A) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[79], Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society; (B) CO hydrogenation mechanism over catalysts to C₂₊OH. (B) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[80], Copyright © 2026 WILEY; (C) Evolution of the Cu lattice parameter at 400 °C in H₂:CO₂ = 1:1 feed. (a) Temperature profile. (b) H₂O partial pressure. The conditions are as follows: gas composition H₂:CO₂:He = 2:2:1, pressure 661 mbar, heating rate 10 K min^-1, electron dose rate 3.4 e^- Å^-2 s^-1. (C) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[82], Copyright © 2026 Springer Nature; (D) H₂-TPR profiles of the calcined catalysts. (D) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[88], Copyright © 2024 WILEY. CZ: CuZn; CZA: CuZnAl; CZC: CuZnCr; CZG: CuZnGa; TPR: temperature-programmed reduction.