fig1

Figure 1. (A) Schematic of N₂ electrolysis in a continuous-flow electrolyzer; (B) Schematic illustrations of N₂ electrolysis at the SEI with high ionic conductivity; Modeled Li⁺ concentration along the cathode surface for high (C) and low (D) ion-conductive SEI films, assuming different Li⁺ diffusivities of D_SEI/D₀ valued at 10^-3 and 10^-5, respectively. (E) Schematic of an ion-conductive SEI coated onto SSC support; (F) The LiDFOB-derived SEI exhibits differentiated low ion-binding affinity and high ion-conductivity characteristics endowed by LiF and Li₂CO₃ species, respectively; (G) Cryo-TEM images at different magnifications of the LiDFOB-derived SEI, revealing a multilayer stacked structure; (H) XPS depth profiles of Li 1 s for the LiDFOB-derived SEI film at different incident X-ray energies; (I) Linear sweep voltammetry profiles of N₂ electrolysis with a scan rate of 10 mV·s^-1; (J) Nuclear magnetic resonance data from ¹⁵N₂ isotope labeling experiments; (K) Extended ammonia electrosynthesis with controlled potential cycling at -100 mA·cm^-2 using LiDFOB. This figure is adapted with permission from Ref.^[7]. SEI: Solid electrolyte interphase; SSC: stainless steel cloth; LiDFOB: lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate; cryo-TEM: cryogenic transmission electron microscopy; XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.