fig2

Figure 2. (A) Comparison of calculated ESPs at the [B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)] level for SIE8⁺ and common cationic imidazolium and ammonium motifs used in ionic liquids and ionic liquid crystals; (B) Surface accessible to a 1.81-Å-radius sphere (chloride radius) around a (SIE8⁺)₃ trimer, calculated at the B3LYP/D3(BJ)/3-21G level; (C) Cl 2p region of the XPS spectrum of SIE10·Cl; (D) Variable-temperature X-ray scattering patterns of SIE14·Cl; (E) Ambient FTIR spectra of SIE10·Cl (C-I) and SIE18·Cl (C-II) in the CH₂ stretching region; (F) POM images of crystalline SIE12·Cl (C-I). This figure is adapted with permission from Ref.^[4]. ESPs: Electrostatic surface potentials; SIE: state-independent electrolyte; XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; FTIR: Fourier-transform infrared; POM: polarized optical microscopy.