fig4

Figure 4. Energy consumption of each process in the manufacturing stage of SSSB. BM-A: Batch mixing, Anode; CD-A: coating & drying, anode; CAL-A: calendering, anode; KS-A: knife slitting, anode; VD-A: vacuum drying, anode; BM-C: batch mixing, cathode; CD-C: coating & drying, cathode; CAL-C: calendering, cathode; KS-C: knife slitting, cathode; VD-C: vacuum drying, cathode; CT-A: cutting, anode; CT-C: cutting, cathode; STK: stacking; WPFC: welding, packaging, filling & closing; WSH: washing; FOR: formation; AG: aging; EOL-T: end-of-line testing; MH: material handling; DR: dry rooms. Figure data and error bars were extracted from^[35] and redrawn by the authors; error bars denote energy fluctuation ranges summarized from lithium battery manufacturing expert interviews.