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Figure 2. Identifying obstacles to the synergistic governance of cities and tracing their evolution. (A) National-level changes in subsystem obstacle degrees between 2011-2015 and 2016-2020. (B) Distribution of subsystem obstacle degrees across different barrier types in the two periods (left: 2011-2015, right: 2016-2020). (C) Transitions in dominant barrier types over time. Barrier types are denoted by subsystem initials. APA: Air-pollution abatement; CM: carbon mitigation; SWM: solid-waste management; WC: water conservation.