fig2

Figure 2. Conceptual pathways of CO₂ utilization from different sources to methanol production and end-use applications. CO₂ is captured from fossil-based industrial processes, biogenic emissions from ethanol production, and bioenergy facilities. The captured CO₂ is combined with renewable hydrogen to produce methanol, which serves as a chemical feedstock, hydrogen carrier, or input for cement curing, highlighting CCU's role across chemicals, energy, and building materials sectors (Created using Microsoft PowerPoint 365).