Recent progress of photothermal catalysts for carbon dioxide conversion

Photothermal catalysis has emerged as a promising strategy for converting carbon dioxide (CO₂) into value-added chemicals and fuels, offering a dual-energy approach that combines light and thermal energy to drive reactions under mild conditions. Photothermal effects are usually demonstrated by using plasmonic nanoparticles, which generate hot carriers and localized heating through light absorption. These effects facilitate chemical reactions by lowering activation barriers and increasing reaction rates. The synergy between hot carrier-induced redox reactions and thermocatalytic processes driven by localized heating allows for the activation of challenging reactions with reduced energy inputs. The balance between these pathways can be optimized through rational design of photothermal catalysts. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in catalyst materials, especially emphasizing the importance of photothermal effects to achieve higher efficiencies in CO₂ conversion reactions such as CO₂ hydrogenation and dry reforming of methane, both of which are vital for reducing greenhouse gases and producing clean fuels. Finally, the current challenges, outlook, and new strategies for catalyst optimization will be discussed to realize the full potential of photothermal catalysis in creating a sustainable and low-carbon energy future.