REFERENCES
1. Díaz LA, Arab JP, Louvet A, Bataller R, Arrese M. The intersection between alcohol-related liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20:764-83.
2. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. ; NAFLD Nomenclature consensus group. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology. 2023;78:1966-86.
3. Tham EKJ, Tan DJH, Danpanichkul P, et al. The global burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases in 2021. Liver Int. 2025;45:e70001.
4. Ochoa-Allemant P, Serper M, Wang RX, et al. Waitlisting and liver transplantation for MetALD in the United States: an analysis of the UNOS national registry. Hepatology. 2025;81:532-45.
5. Sultanik P, Lherault G, Bouzbib C, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of patients with MASLD-related cirrhosis after an ICU hospitalization in France: a single-centre prospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2024;60:796-810.
6. Lee BP, Dodge JL, Terrault NA. National prevalence estimates for steatotic liver disease and subclassifications using consensus nomenclature. Hepatology. 2024;79:666-73.
7. Kalligeros M, Vassilopoulos A, Vassilopoulos S, Victor DW, Mylonakis E, Noureddin M. Prevalence of steatotic liver disease (MASLD, MetALD, and ALD) in the United States: NHANES 2017-2020. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;22:1330-2.e4.
8. Kwak M, Kim HS, Jiang ZG, et al. MASLD/MetALD and mortality in individuals with any cardio-metabolic risk factor: a population-based study with 26.7 years of follow-up. Hepatology. 2025;81:228-37.
9. Han E, Lee BW, Kang ES, et al. Mortality in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Metabolism. 2024;152:155789.
10. Ochoa-Allemant P, Hubbard RA, Kaplan DE, Serper M. Adverse liver outcomes, cardiovascular events, and mortality in steatotic liver disease. JAMA Intern Med. 2025;185:986-95.
11. Celsa C, Pennisi G, Tulone A, et al. Risk of hepatic and extrahepatic outcomes associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-associated steatotic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;10:998-1012.
12. Männistö V, Salomaa V, Jula A, et al. ALT levels, alcohol use, and metabolic risk factors have prognostic relevance for liver-related outcomes in the general population. JHEP Rep. 2024;6:101172.
13. Peng HY, Lu CL, Zhao M, et al. Clinical characteristics of MASLD/MetALD/MAFLD/NAFLD and the relative risk analysis on metabolic disorders. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025;25:372.
14. Marti-Aguado D, Calleja JL, Vilar-Gomez E, et al. Low-to-moderate alcohol consumption is associated with increased fibrosis in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2024;81:930-40.
15. Paik JM, Hobbs K, Gupta A, Alkalbani RJ, Reyes MA, Younossi ZM. Prevalence of MASLD, Met-ALD, and ALD and associated fibrosis among US adults: insights from NHANES 2017 to 2023. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2025;Epub ahead of print.
16. Tesfai K, Pace J, El-Newihi N, Martinez ME, Tincopa MA, Loomba R. Disparities for hispanic adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23:236-49.
17. Ochoa-Allemant P, Marrero JA, Serper M. Racial and ethnic differences and the role of unfavorable social determinants of health across steatotic liver disease subtypes in the United States. Hepatol Commun. 2023;7:e0324.
18. Miyatani Y, Ogawa A, Sempokuya T, et al. Ethnic disparities in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and clinical outcomes. Front Endocrinol. 2025;16:1739137.
19. Yoon EL, Park H, Hong HP, et al. Distinct characteristics of MetALD (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease with greater alcohol consumption) in the general population. Hepatol Res. 2025;55:410-21.
20. Yin SC, Chen YT, Chang WT, et al. Attributable burden of steatotic liver disease on cardiovascular outcomes in Asia. JHEP Rep. 2025;7:101479.
21. Gratacós-Ginès J, Ariño S, Sancho-Bru P, Bataller R, Pose E. MetALD: clinical aspects, pathophysiology and treatment. JHEP Rep. 2025;7:101250.
22. Louvet A, Bourcier V, Archambeaud I, et al. ; CIRRAL group. Low alcohol consumption influences outcomes in individuals with alcohol-related compensated cirrhosis in a French multicenter cohort. J Hepatol. 2023;78:501-12.
23. Theodoreson MD, Aithal GP, Allison M, et al. Extra-hepatic morbidity and mortality in alcohol-related liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2023;43:763-72.
24. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Ong J, et al. ; Global NASH Council. Effects of alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome on mortality in patients with nonalcoholic and alcohol-related fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17:1625-33.e1.
25. Åberg F, Helenius-Hietala J, Puukka P, Färkkilä M, Jula A. Interaction between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome in predicting severe liver disease in the general population. Hepatology. 2018;67:2141-9.
26. Xiong ZK, Lin RT, Chen BW, et al. Persistent binge drinking history associated with advanced liver fibrosis and all-cause mortality in MetALD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2025;62:1100-7.
27. Lee BP, Witkiewitz K, Mellinger J, et al. Designing clinical trials to address alcohol use and alcohol-associated liver disease: an expert panel Consensus Statement. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;21:626-45.
28. Ibrahim MA, Ramadan N, Mohamed IB, et al. Clinical outcomes in MetALD compared with ALD in patients referred for liver transplant evaluation. Hepatol Commun. 2026;10:e0892.
29. Hofer BS, Tonon M, Buttler L, et al. ; a study by the Baveno Cooperation: an EASL consortium. Incidence and implications of abstinence-induced recompensation in alcohol-related cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2026;84:1077-88.
30. Torp N, Israelsen M, Thiele M, Rinella ME, Krag A. Phosphatidylethanol in steatotic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2025;83:1189-203.
31. Hansen ED, Torp N, Johansen S, et al. ; GALAXY and MicrobLiver consortia. Quantification of alcohol intake in patients with steatotic liver disease and excessive alcohol intake. JHEP Rep. 2025;7:101200.
32. Krag A, Torp N, Younossi ZM, Israelsen M. Reporting discrepancy of alcohol intake affecting estimated prevalence of MetALD and ALD. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;10:282-4.
33. Vaz J, Nasr P, Helander A, et al. Phosphatidylethanol levels distinguish steatotic liver disease subgroups and are associated with risk of major liver outcomes. J Hepatol. 2025;83:1011-22.
34. Nasr P, Wester A, Ekstedt M, et al. Misclassified alcohol-related liver disease is common in presumed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and highly increases risk for future cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;22:1048-57.e2.
35. Díaz LA, Tavaglione F, Mittal N, et al. Noninvasive pathway for stratifying fibrosis in suspected metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD). Hepatol Commun. 2025;9:e0718.
36. Congly SE, Lee BP, Im GY, Simonetto DA, Diaz LA, Arab JP. Phosphatidylethanol is cost-effective to accurately detect periodic alcohol use in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2026;24:569-71.
37. Abrial L, Erard D, Tron L, et al. Alcohol consumption after listing for liver transplantation is associated with increased risk of alcohol consumption after transplantation. Int J Hepatol. 2025;2025:3221011.
38. Arab JP, Díaz LA, Rehm J, et al. Metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related liver disease (MetALD): position statement by an expert panel on alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol. 2025;82:744-56.
39. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2024;81:1040-86.
40. Lohoff FW. Targeting unmet clinical needs in the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:767506.
41. Patel S, Patel S, Zhang W, Singal AK, Cheung R, Wong RJ. A comprehensive assessment of liver transplant trends and outcomes among adults with steatotic liver disease in the U.S. Gastro Hep Adv. 2025;4:100609.
42. Sengupta S, Anand A, Yang Q, et al. The impact of integrated care on clinical outcomes in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease: early outcomes from a multidisciplinary clinic. Hepatol Commun. 2025;9:e0603.
43. Lee BP, Vittinghoff E, Dodge JL, Cullaro G, Terrault NA. National trends and long-term outcomes of liver transplant for alcohol-associated liver disease in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179:340-8.
44. Evison F, Gallier S, Malik F, et al. Major adverse cardiovascular events after liver transplantation: a population cohort analysis of English transplant centres. EClinicalMedicine. 2026;91:103734.
45. Arab JP, Izzy M, Leggio L, Bataller R, Shah VH. Management of alcohol use disorder in patients with cirrhosis in the setting of liver transplantation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19:45-59.
46. Pfitzmann R, Schwenzer J, Rayes N, Seehofer D, Neuhaus R, Nüssler NC. Long-term survival and predictors of relapse after orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:197-205.
47. Jauhar S, Talwalkar JA, Schneekloth T, Jowsey S, Wiesner RH, Menon KV. Analysis of factors that predict alcohol relapse following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2004;10:408-11.
48. Dumortier J, Guillaud O, Adham M, et al. Negative impact of de novo malignancies rather than alcohol relapse on survival after liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis: a retrospective analysis of 305 patients in a single center. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1032-41.
49. Cote MP, Cloonan D, Li S, et al. Liver transplant provider perspectives on posttransplant management of alcohol use disorder. Transplant Direct. 2025;11:e1766.
50. De La Torre SA, Ibrahim B, Meneses K, Saab S, Shetty A. Impact of phosphatidylethanol in the surveillance for alcohol use in post-liver transplant population: a retrospective study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2024;48:2404-11.
51. Addolorato G, Mirijello A, Leggio L, et al. ; Gemelli OLT Group. Liver transplantation in alcoholic patients: impact of an alcohol addiction unit within a liver transplant center. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37:1601-8.
52. Izzy M, Fortune BE, Serper M, et al. Management of cardiac diseases in liver transplant recipients: comprehensive review and multidisciplinary practice-based recommendations. Am J Transplant. 2022;22:2740-58.
53. Araujo MA, Nardelli MJ, Mendes RPF, et al. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and new onset diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation. Clinics. 2025;80:100806.
54. Erard D, Villeret F, Chouik Y, et al. Dual alcohol and metabolic-related liver disease: results from a population of liver transplant patients. Liver Int. 2024;44:422-32.
55. Sastre L, García R, Viñals C, et al. Results of a multidisciplinary strategy to improve the management of cardiovascular risk factors after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2022;28:1332-44.
56. Battistella S, D'Arcangelo F, Grasso M, et al. Liver transplantation for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: indications and post-transplant management. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29:S286-301.
57. Vitale A, Trapani S, Russo FP, et al. ; Associazione Italiana per lo Studio del Fegato (AISF), Società Italiana Trapianti d’Organo (SITO), Centro Nazionale Trapianti (CNT). Waiting list mortality and 5-year transplant survival benefit of patients with MASLD: An Italian liver transplant registry study. JHEP Rep. 2024;6:101147.
58. Goldberg D, Blandon C, Delgado C, et al. Simulating the impact of survival benefit-based liver transplant organ allocation. Hepatology. 2026;83:552-60.
59. Sealock JM, Ziogas IA, Zhao Z, et al. Proposing a sex-adjusted sodium-adjusted MELD score for liver transplant allocation. JAMA Surg. 2022;157:618-26.
60. Marrone G, Giannelli V, Agnes S, et al. Superiority of the new sex-adjusted models to remove the female disadvantage restoring equity in liver transplant allocation. Liver Int. 2024;44:103-12.
61. Ross-Driscoll K, Kubal C, Ayuk-Arrey AT, Fridell J, Axelrod D. Association of a liver allocation policy change with domestic travel for liver transplantation. Transplant Direct. 2025;11:e1749.
