fig11

Figure 11. Comparative analysis of R² values across multiple algorithms for diverse models. NNI-SMOTE: Nearest Neighbor Interpolation-Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique; GMM-VSG: a Virtual Sample Generation algorithm based on Gaussian Mixture Models; VAE: Variational Autoencoder; VSG: Virtual Sample Generation; OK: Ordinary Kriging; GBR: Gradient Boosting Regression; SVR: Support Vector Regression; LASSO: Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator; ANN: Artificial Neural Networks; BRR: Bayesian Ridge Regression.