fig11
Figure 11. Catalytic activity for LA and AL hydrogenation with FA as a hydrogen donor over the CuNiAl catalyst: (A) conversion vs. reaction time and (B) -ln(1-X) vs. reaction time, where X is the conversion of LA and AL. The R2 values of the fitting results were higher than 98%, confirming the validity of the first-order assumption. LA: Levulinic acid; AL: angelica lactone; FA: formic acid.
